The Best Way Of Operation Of Bill Of Lading
在國(guó)際航運(yùn)中,最常見(jiàn)、最重要的單證就是提單。對(duì)于 承運(yùn)人 (包括船公司及其代理人)來(lái)說(shuō),提單是簽發(fā)給 托運(yùn) 人的貨物收據(jù)。對(duì)于 托運(yùn) 人來(lái)說(shuō),提單是物權(quán)憑證。沿海 港口 地區(qū)的提單流轉(zhuǎn),一般按正常程序進(jìn)行。在最常見(jiàn)的跟單 信用證 結(jié)匯 方式中, 承運(yùn)人 簽發(fā)提單給 托運(yùn) 人后,托運(yùn)人將提單和信用證 一同交議付銀行 結(jié)匯 。提單上列明的收貨人要通過(guò)贖單手續(xù)取得提單,方可提貨。
可是,內(nèi)陸地區(qū)的托運(yùn)人就會(huì)碰到一些麻煩。不少船公司為避免提單管理失控,往往沒(méi)有指定內(nèi)陸地區(qū)代理人為其簽發(fā)提單,而是在貨物啟運(yùn)港簽發(fā)好提單再寄給內(nèi)陸地區(qū)的托運(yùn)人(即 港口 簽單方式)。郵寄需要一段時(shí)間,某些情況下達(dá)數(shù)天之久,于是產(chǎn)生幾點(diǎn)問(wèn)題:
1. the shipper in the inland area received the bill of lading late, and it was late in the negotiation bank and there was interest loss.
2. the shipper in the inland area must send the bill of lading back to the port of shipment if the bill of lading is found to be in the wrong place after the receipt of the bill of lading. Far apart, difficult to communicate, and even forced to send someone to make a special trip to the port for correction.
3.有時(shí) 信用證 已到期,托運(yùn)人只得用打錯(cuò)的提單去擔(dān)保結(jié)匯,或在信用證過(guò)期后才拿到正確的提單,甚至在信用證過(guò)期后才拿到錯(cuò)的提單,被迫擔(dān)保結(jié)匯,從而承擔(dān)了巨大風(fēng)險(xiǎn),陷于被動(dòng)境地。根據(jù)世界通行的國(guó)際商會(huì)第500號(hào)出版物 規(guī)定 ,在此情況下,收貨人可拒收貨物、不付款或要求減價(jià)等。如收貨人居心不良,托運(yùn)人就要吃大虧。
4.為不誤信用證的有效期,特別是裝船日期與信用證有效期相隔很近時(shí)(這很常見(jiàn)),郵寄提單來(lái)不及, 承運(yùn)人 和托運(yùn)人有可能商議采用預(yù)借提單的作法。這時(shí)托運(yùn)人就有了額外風(fēng)險(xiǎn),要是出了特殊原因,貨物未按計(jì)劃裝船,收貨人可以向海事法院起訴,托運(yùn)人和船公司在聲譽(yù)上和經(jīng)濟(jì)上都可能受損。
針對(duì)以上情況,有的內(nèi)陸地區(qū)采用了簽發(fā)MEMO提單的 辦法 。托運(yùn)人委托內(nèi)陸 貨代 公司代辦運(yùn)輸, 貨代 公司向船公司訂艙時(shí),隨附兩份提單樣本,一份是船公司的提單樣本,一份是 貨代 公司提單樣本。前者在Consigneeoforder欄目中打上TOORDEROFTHEHOLDEROFORIGINALXXXB/L,NO□□□,其中XXX為貨代公司全稱(chēng),□□□為貨代公司的提單編號(hào),后者按正常情況繕制。
船公司在貨裝上船以后,照樣本打好自己的正本提單(MEMO提單),寄內(nèi)陸貨代公司和托運(yùn)人過(guò)目,再轉(zhuǎn)寄收貨人。船公司還須立即傳真 通知 內(nèi)陸貨代公司船名、航次、船期,由其簽發(fā) 船代 公司的正本提單供托運(yùn)人結(jié)匯。收貨人則通過(guò)正常贖單手續(xù)在銀行取得貨代公司的正本提單,加上托運(yùn)人寄來(lái)的船公司提單,用兩套提單去卸貨港 碼頭 提貨。
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