編制計(jì)算機(jī)程序，程序員總會(huì)給自己留下一個(gè)甚至多個(gè)“后門”。這種后門有惡意和善意兩種。惡意后門暫且不論，善意的后門是必須要有的。一旦出現(xiàn)異常，尤其是系統(tǒng)崩潰，程序員可以借助后門走出困境，解救危機(jī)。沒有后門，就喪失了人對(duì)機(jī)器的最終控制權(quán)。

Various management systems also have similar "back door" phenomenon.

To put it simply, this kind of back door is to set a special condition in the system. Once the phenomenon meets this requirement, the manager can adjust the system with this back door, or even use the back door to reinstall the system.

Under normal circumstances, such a back door is often a "Negation" of the system itself.

For example, in the constitution, there is usually a "state of emergency" rule.

According to this rule, when a state of emergency emerges, it can break the constitutional convention to deal with such problems as war and disaster.

In a state of emergency, the civil rights prescribed by the Constitution can be suspended or deprived. Normal legal procedures can be violated or abandoned, and the functions and powers of certain state organs can be above the conventional law.

Such a "state of emergency" is the "back door" of the constitution.

Without this backdoor, the state will be hard to deal with once a state of emergency occurs.

The same is true of the state and enterprises.

In the design of management system, we must admit that our rationality is limited, and we can not know omnipotence.

Therefore, we should leave the necessary backdoor for the emergence of some uncertainties.

We often see that many systems have presuppositions for exceptions, or even explicit negative provisions.

Such a common example is that when a certain situation occurs, the system is invalid, or the provision of a certain administrative department beyond the discretion of the system, and so on, all belong to such a backdoor.

For example, in the post duty norm, we often list all the responsibilities of the post, and do not forget to add a "temporary work assigned by the leaders except the preceding articles".

The reason for this is that it is impossible for us to list one hundred percent of the responsibilities of the post.

Even if the list is complete, adjustments may be made in case of special circumstances or job requirements.

This provision is actually a back door for senior leaders to temporarily adjust their job responsibilities.

Can we not leave the back door when designing the system?

No.

There are many people who always fall into the pursuit of perfection when formulating a system. Many people like to take the blame and make the necessary back door as a defect when evaluating a system.

Such a pursuit may be good, but it will make the formulation and implementation of the system difficult.

It is very possible to design the system according to the "perfect" standard, and finally get the "embroidered pillow" with beautiful appearance but can not be implemented.

Still, take the constitution as an example. If a constitution does not stipulate the state of emergency at all, we can only judge that the constitution is never intended to be implemented, because it is based on the fact that the state will never be in a state of emergency.

The same is true in the management system. A system that does not reserve the backdoor is certainly not an enforceable system.

　　既然后門是必須的，那么，管理者真正需要注意的是后門的必要性和合理性判斷。首先，后門不能過多。只要留有后門，就肯定會(huì)對(duì)制度在實(shí)踐運(yùn)行中“重寫”，過多且頻繁的“重寫”會(huì)使制度面目全非。所以，后門非有不可，但同時(shí)也得考慮其必要性?？砷_可不開的后門，就得堵死。一個(gè)制度如果后門過多，則會(huì)使其走向反面。其次，后門的設(shè)置是否合理。善意的后門是為了保證特殊情況下的制度運(yùn)行，而惡意的后門則是為了制度以外的目的“留一手”。就像計(jì)算機(jī)程序的后門，是為了保障程序的運(yùn)行，還是為了留下攻擊的端口，這是區(qū)分善意和惡意的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。有些管理者在制度中留有后門，目的在于滿足自己的惡意需要（主要是利益上的惡意取得和權(quán)力上的惡意擴(kuò)張），這種后門本身就是不合理的。最后，即使是必要而且合理的后門，還有在執(zhí)行中的運(yùn)用問題。如果在執(zhí)行中濫用后門，扭曲后門的正當(dāng)目的，也會(huì)使制度的效用適得其反。