Upper material A wide variety of materials, many of the appearance is very similar, texture is very different. Here are some information on the shoe upper material compiled by the editor, hoping to help you distinguish between fake and inferior products.

　 1. Dermis

(1) the first layer of skin is a grain of cattle, sheep and pig skin. There are natural scars and tendons on the surface. Occasionally, there are knife injuries in the processing process and very low belly parts. The imported head skin and cattle serial numbered branded whole grain can distinguish the kinds of animal hide and leather from the pore size and density.

　　如奶牛皮肉牛皮放牧的牛皮母牛皮公牛皮未閹割的公牛皮及閹割過的公牛皮在我國(guó)還有黃牛皮水牛皮牦牛皮和犏牛皮等其中，水牛皮的毛孔較粗且疏些;黃牛皮則較水牛皮的毛孔細(xì)且濃密羊皮的毛孔則更細(xì)更密且有點(diǎn)斜度，主要有綿羊皮和山羊皮兩大類豬皮因長(zhǎng)毛的規(guī)則是3~5根一小撮的分布，故極易區(qū)分，一般多用人工飼養(yǎng)的豬皮，還有野豬皮，有名的是南美野豬，這種野豬皮具有較明顯的豬皮毛孔及粒面特征，由于其特殊的膠原纖維組織結(jié)構(gòu)，可加工成非常柔軟的服裝革或手套革,價(jià)值很高另外，鴕鳥皮鱷魚皮短鼻鱷魚皮蜥蜴皮蛇皮牛蛙皮海水魚皮(有鯊魚皮鱈魚皮鳘魚皮鰻魚皮珍珠魚皮等)淡水魚皮(有草魚鯉魚皮等有鱗魚皮)帶毛的狐貍皮(銀狐皮藍(lán)狐皮等)狼皮狗皮兔皮等則容易辨認(rèn)，且無法制成二層皮。

The skin of the first layer is made directly from the raw skins of various animals, or the skins of cattle, pigs, horses and other animal skins with thicker cortex are sliced into two layers.

(2) Two layers of leather It is the two layer of loosely woven fibrous tissue, processed by chemical material or coated with PVC PU film.

Therefore, the effective method to distinguish the first layer skin and the two layer skin is to observe the longitudinal density of the skin, and the fiber density of the skin is composed of a thin and thin fiber layer and a slightly loose overlayer which is closely connected with it. It has good strength elasticity and process plasticity. The two layer of leather is only a loose fibrous tissue layer. Only after spraying chemical raw materials or polishing can it be used to make leather products. It maintains certain natural elasticity and process plasticity characteristics, but its strength is poor, its thickness is the same as that of the first layer skin, and there are various kinds of leather used for the current popular manufacture, the leather surface processing technology is somewhat different, but the distinguishing method is the same.

The following is a detailed description of leather processed by leather.

1 water dyed skin: refers to all kinds of soft skins, which are bleached and stained with various kinds of colors, such as cattle, sheep, pigs and red deer.

2 open edge beads: also known as film leather, is thrown into two sides along the backbone, and to repair the wrinkled belly and part of the skin or part of the skin of two layers of open skin, on the surface of all kinds of pure color metallic color, pearl, color, color, or two colored or multicolored PVC film processing.

3 lacquer: leather made of two layers of leather coated with various chemical raw materials, pressed or matted.

4 repair surface: it is a poor top layer of leather, polishing the surface, grinding the scar and blood marks on the surface. After spraying with all kinds of popular leather paste, the skin is pressed into grain or smooth surface.

5 embossed leather: generally used to repair all kinds of patterns or patterns, such as imitation leather or striped beads, such as the imitation crocodile pattern, lizard pattern, ostrich skin, boa constrictor, skin ripples, water ripples, beautiful bark patterns, litchi veins, deer motifs, etc., and various striped patterns or stereoscopic patterns, or creative designs that reflect various brand images.

6 printing or floral skin: the material is the same as the embossed leather, but the processing technology is different. It is printed or ironed into a variety of patterns or patterns of the first layer or two layers of leather.

7 abrasive skin: the surface of the leather is polished, and the scar or rough fibers of the grain are worn away to reveal the smooth and smooth leather fabric and then dyed into various popular colors.

Eight suede Also known as "Pi Pi", is the surface of the billet grinding into velvet, and then stained with a variety of popular colors into the first layer of skin.

9 laser skin: also called laser skin, laser technology is used to etch various leather patterns on leather surface.

Two, regenerated leather:

After crushing all kinds of animal skins and leather waste, chemical raw materials are manufactured and processed, and the surface processing technology is similar to that of the leather shaving leather. It is characterized by higher edge margins, higher utilization rate and lower price. But the skin is generally thicker and the strength is poorer. It is only suitable for making the set products and the belt of equal price, such as the official document box, the draw bar bag, the club sleeve, and so on. The longitudinal section of the fabric is uniform and uniform, and the solidification effect of the liquid mixed fiber can be identified.

Three, artificial leather:

Also known as imitation leather or rubber, it is a general term for man-made materials such as PVC and PU. It is made from foam or laminating of various formulations such as PVC and PU on the basis of textile fabric or non-woven fabric. It can be made according to the requirements of different strength, wear resistance, cold resistance and color, gloss, pattern, and so on. It has a wide variety of colors, good waterproof performance, high edge and neat utilization rate and low price relative leather.

However, the majority of artificial leather can not reach the real leather effect because of its hand feel and elasticity. Its longitudinal section can see tiny bubbles, holes, cloth or surface fibers and dry and dry man-made fibers. It is a very popular material from the early stage until now. It is widely used to produce various leather products, or some of the genuine leather materials. Its increasingly advanced manufacturing process is being widely used in the manufacture of two layers of leather. Nowadays, the artificial leather with very skin like properties has been produced in the market, and its fiber structure of the surface process is extremely basic, almost reaching the effect of the real leather, and its price is comparable to that of the homemade leather.